Reflective Essay for Motivational and Qualities- myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theReflective Essayfor Motivational and Personal Qualities. Answer: Individual Reflection Keeping up the constructive trait helps every last one of us to build up our own and expert effectiveness. I for one accept that so as to build up my expert abilities in the field of record the executives, I should be careful about the positive conduct towards my obligations. I am seeking after my vocation as a Business Administration Diploma understudy in Chiu School of Business. The enthusiasm towards the budgetary issue has been driving me towards procuring progressively persuasive characteristics to play out my obligations in this field. I am highly engaged towards the support of the polished skill inside and outside of the homeroom. While playing out my obligations inside the study hall, I remain responsive during my correspondence with the instructor. I attempt to keep my fixation on the positive ramifications with respect to the talks. Then again, I keep up the obvious polished skill outside the study hall by helping my family in the business. I attempt to actualize my instruc tive expertise in dealing with the business functionalities. In addition, I am very mindful towards executing my administrative abilities for undertaking any vital choices at my working environment. I am in any event, ready to share my instructive information at the instructional exercise meeting to build up the away from of my understudy. Mirroring the constructive nature makes the persuasive situation around me that is very effective for building up the individual aptitudes. I offer my serves to my companions according to my capacities and in period of scarcity. It is very perceptible that constructive reasoning impacts the individuals to increase legitimate inspiration that in the long run leads towards progress (Csikszentmihalyi Wong, 2014). I am a serious aspiring individual who is highly engaged about specific objectives. I am very mindful that I should be greatly propelled and positive to make the stride ahead towards my goal. I seek to turn into a Certified Professional Accountant for including myself into the privately-owned company and make progress. I am trying sincerely and keeping myself increasingly engaged towards my examination to improve my expert quality. I accept this assurance would help me in improving my privately-owned company. So as to guarantee development towards my objectives, it is fundamental for me to focus on the personal development reason. I take the recommendations and input from others to recognize the blemishes inside me and in like manner attempt to develop hesitance to turn out to be increasingly equipped. This friend coaching program is very useful for me to monitor my learning progress report. Estimating and checking the report encourages me recognizing the zones of progress. I attempt to maintain the positive concentration to prevail upon the obstructions that I may look during my excursion. Keeping the psychological stableness is basic in time of situational commitments. Thus, I want to choose the positive method of driving myself towards gaining the decided objectives. Indeed, even I propose others to stay positive in the event that we truly need to accomplish something productive throughout everyday life. I accept this positive and inspirational trademark would help me in building up th e effective future ahead. References and Bibliography Cottrell, S. (2015).Skills for progress: Personal turn of events and employability. Palgrave Macmillan. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Wong, M. M. H. (2014). Inspiration and scholarly accomplishment: The impacts of character characteristics and the nature of experience. InApplications of stream in human turn of events and education(pp. 437-465). Springer Netherlands. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive brain research: A presentation. InFlow and the establishments of positive psychology(pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Staub, E. (2013).Positive social conduct and profound quality: Social and individual impacts. Elsevier.

Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Task Management - Research Paper Example Studies show that, a money saving advantage examination is utilized by associations to do assessment of the all out anticipated expenses in an undertaking concerning the normal generally speaking advantages; taking into account the practicality of the proposed execution venture. costs unit section broadened Implementation process arranging Hours 260 11,245 Labor contract Dollars 16000 16,000 Internal execution work Hours 900 38,925 Input/capital cost Dollars 16000 16,000 Implementation cost 82,170 continuing Operational costs Dollars/Month 1100 1,100 Maintenance cost Dollars/Month 1300 1,300 Proceeding/continuous month to month costs 2,400 Remunerated usage cost 1,600 Monthly expense $4,000 For an association, which is thinking about the execution of a ‘outsourcing finance administration system’, the immediate income improvement and cost decreases will include increment in representative profitability. This is on the grounds that the workers have now an opportunity to co ncentrate on numerous gainful exercises, which is pith, will improve gainfulness for the organization. Concerning cost decrease, the other direct approach to diminish cost is evasion of the IRS punishments. These relinquishes may come in light of ill-advised accounting and outpourings. Through the redistributing administrations, numerous organizations may extraordinarily keep away from such punishments; the pay uplifting can be diminished basing on the authoritative costs. This is the place the redistributing administrations permit representatives to dispatch repayment guarantees over the web or on the web, which progressively helpful and time is sparing. Then again, circuitous income upgrade may include the way toward building brands in different nations; brand augmentation. Fundamentally, this might be where the redistributed organization uses and highlights the accomplice organization's logo marking; this permits the organization to show case the organization name and the logo in all client and representative got to pages. The best innovation work is one of the circuitous strategies for cost decrease. It could benefit minor ventures, with less mastery strong points. To this end, there are dangers related with the execution of another finance framework in an association. As per discoveries, any execution procedure conveys with it some level of dangers. This requires a hazard intend to be remembered for the execution procedure. As a rule, the focal point of registers has been on the innovation; its usefulness and the impact its disappointment may make on the general task. The regular dangers related with new finance frameworks is, the repercussions when the framework neglects to convey a live activity by a specific time the apparent contingence plan set up. The other hazard is the change effect of authoritative and political results related with the development from an old finance model or framework to the new framework where the HR duty turns out to be progr essively dismissed. To address these dangers, considers show that, most new frameworks are planned while utilizing best practice model. This requires extraordinary duty regarding frameworks and their proprietorship inside the human asset; this permits the exchange of information being prepared inside the human asset finance office, be that as it may, its working, significantly depends on the undertaking necessities. It is just critical at that point to consider how to deal with the interface procedure including two pieces of one association with various necessities. In has been discovered that, in circumstances where there exists coordinated frameworks, which have not been a piece of the operational culture or life of the human asset

Pluto replies

Pluto replies So I was wandering around facebook today and I discovered this new group called When I was your age, Pluto was a planet, which I found excessively amusing. The creator of the group asked the group members to post better photos of Pluto, and I started to look through them. One of the images was captioned ThinkGeek to the rescue: ThinkGeek provides Plutos response. I WANT IT. (My birthday is January 10th.) Right now Im supposed to be doing a 2.003 pset, and it really isnt a lot of fun. Adelaide and I have been working on it for hours upon hours. Basically that means we worked hard on problem one for 15 minutes, and then spent hours and hours gossiping, telling funny and awkward stories, and trying to solve physics trick questions with the various people who have come by the suite. 2.003 is basically just advanced physics, you study things that move. Right now were working on reference frames, which are annoying. As far as I can tell, they only make the problem more complicated than it ever needs to be. For example, one problem describes the motion of a curveball towards home plate and asks you to describe the acceleration of one point on the ball at a certain point in its trajectory. This really isnt hard, at all. But then the question goes on to describe three different frames of reference for the ball, without telling youwhat the point of that is. Sigh. Its one of the obnoxiously less satisfying questions you get on psets. Dont think Im crazy, I mean the first problem we solved was a little tricky, but we got that awesome aha! moment when we figured it out. This one is just gross. I am looking forward to problem 4, because aside from being the end of the pset, it involves Captain Jack Sparrow falling off a cliff and seeing the trajectory of a spear being thrown at him by an island native. Hee. =) Responses to Questions: Shannon asked: How much time does a sport at MIT really take up? Im sure youve talked about this before, but did you talk to the coach first before applying to MIT or what? Just curious. The hours between 5 and 7 are reserved for athletics- so no classes/office hours/whatever can be scheduled during that time. So that means two hours of practice time each day (except for crew, which I believe may have extra practices since its a Division I sport, but I dont really know). Of course, games involve a lot more time, especially when theyre away games and involve travel. Id say I probably spend maybe 15-20 hours per week on field hockey (including travel and such). And I dont think I talked to the coach before applying. I may have sent in one of those little response cards asking if I was interested in a varsity sport, but I definitely didnt speak to the coach until CPW. Trust me, athletics wont make or break your acceptance to MIT. Karne asked: Oh! Heres a really stupid questionbut I want to know the answer. Does MIT have official colors? I cant tell, because the My MIT page is all multicolored. Sorry this is so lame. Fermion helped me out: To answer your question, Karen, their colors are red and grey. Ive linked my name below to an image of the MIT logo which uses the exact shades of red and grey. :) Thanks Fermion! If your question hasnt been answered here, it was probably lost in the transfer to the new site. Apologies! Just post again and Ill get right on it.

Essay on Love Poems - 2903 Words

Love Poems Have the love poems, you have read given you a better insight into the emotion of love? The subject of ‘Love Poetry’ has given rise to some of the most beautiful and fascinating poetry. The poets illustrate their feelings, or the feelings of the people concerned with them through the use of figurative language. A love poem is not necessarily a poem about romantic love, about romance, marriage and commitment; it could be something else entirely. It seems to be Universal. Timeless. Yet, its also very individual, filtered by our own lives and expectations. Love can be a different thing for each one of us. Not all love poems deal with happy positive sides of love but there is also the negative sides such as pain,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdo not grieve’ , she does not want her lover to feel that her love is possessive, she does not want him to feel guilty. She wants him to cherish good times that they had, ‘forget and smile’. The tone throughout is melancholy and emotional as the poet talks about her approaching death. The sonnet form is suitably used because the poet is telling her husband on how death will take over their love. She accepts death in a philosophical manner. Although she is physically dead she wants to be remembered. Christina Rossetti shows us how death can bring a blissful relationship to an end, but she also shows that love can exist even after death if it has withstood the test of time. She repeats the title ‘remember’ throughout the poem as a technique to emphasize that she really wants to be remembered. Poet Rossetti wants to be remembered by her love even if ‘darkness and corruption leave’. Yet her love is unselfish. Here a poem by Christina Rossetti’s, ‘A Birthday’, is a contrast to ‘Remember’. Throughout this poem Rossetti expresses happy contented feelings, through her beautiful use of imagery. Nature imagery is used in the first half of the poem, ‘ heart is like a singing bird’ , ‘heart is like a rainb The title ‘A Birthday’ is not represented with love at all, but as we read the poem, we come to know that ‘A Birthday’ is new life, because she is in love. We see how love makes a person radiant and blissful. From the first line itself RossettiShow MoreRelatedLove Poem963 Words   |  4 Pages Love Poem: Linda Pastan Have you ever been in love? Do you even know what love is? Love is a feeling that at times can feel indescribable. It makes you do crazy things. Love makes you blind and no matter your circumstances with that person, if you love them you will go that extra mile for them. In this essay I will talk about the â€Å"Love Poem† by Linda Pastan. In the following paragraphs I will go in depth and break down the poems to help understand theRead MoreThemes Of Love And A Poem2019 Words   |  9 Pagesof different â€Å"Love Poems†. It includes my creations of poems that I have made in this course, two favorite poems that I enjoyed quite a lot, a poem that I have â€Å"borrowed† and a graffiti poem that I have also created in this course. To start it off, I have chosen my theme as Love because I find this topic interesting and one of the topics that contains a deep meaning. The special part about my anthology is that it shows different aspects of love and a timeline of love. There is a poem that is aboutRead MoreEssay about Love in Poems2986 Words   |  12 PagesLove in Poems Robert Browning’s poem â€Å"My Last Duchess† is based on a real story about the fifth Duke of Ferrera in the Renaissance period. He married a 14-year-old named Lucrezia and then left her for a two-year period. She died at the age of 17. In this poem, the Duke is now looking for a second wife-to-be. Robert Browning is one of the greatest poets in the Victorian age. He writes romantic poems and he expresses love in this poem as obsessive. The poem’s rhyme scheme is a, a, b, b. ThisRead MoreLove Poems for that Special Lady2111 Words   |  9 PagesLOVE POEMS FOR THAT SPECIAL LADY ROY L KEITH Copyright Page content to be provided by TRAFFORDâ€Æ' INTRODUCTION I AM DEDICATING THIS TO A LOVELY LADY THAT INSPIRED ME TO WRITE THESE POEMS. EVEN THOUGH I CAN’T EXPRESS MY DEEPEST GRATITUDE TO HER. I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO HER. THANKS FOR EVERYTHING APRIL.â€Æ' A Single Rose All the love that history knows, is said to be in a single rose. Yet all that could be found in two, is less than what I feel for you. Angels Read MoreEssay on Love and Time in Rossettis Poems1856 Words   |  8 PagesLove and Time in Rossettis Poems It is evident that themes of love and time are frequently referred to in several of Rossetti’s poems and I believe that she treats these themes in a variety of ways. Regarding love, Rossetti explores the disappointment and betrayal caused by love, her love of God as though part of an intimate relationship and the temptation that love causes young women to abandon the traditional rules. Using seasonal imagery, Rossetti relates to time contradicting herselfRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Twenty One Love Poems By Adrienne Rich1782 Words   |  8 Pagestwentieth-century poet who railed against war and the injustices in the world, and also used imagery that spoke tenderly of love—feelings that she sensed were both highly individual for her, but also universal. â€Å"Twenty-One Love Poems† were written between 1974-1976 to her lover of the time, and they track the course of the relationship through the sweet beginning stages, the development of mature love, and all the way through to its dissolution due to her partner’s seeming inability to â€Å"come out† and admit toRead MoreLove In Poems Brings Great Emotions Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one thinks of poetry, love is something that will definitely appear in the process. Love in poems can bring a sense of great joy or can be the cause of sorrow and pain. It’s something that has been here for eternity and will continue to affect people and poems. Especially in early modern poetry, love was expressed in various ways and brought different and unique features to the poems. Many poems would use the very familiar, romantic love, which is quite intense with feeling and emotions andRead MorePoem Analysis : I Absolutely Love Poetry935 Words   |  4 PagesI absolutely love poetry. Poetry can have so much meaning written in the words. When I think of a poem, I think about someone pouring their heart out to me. They use rhythm and schemes to draw us into the words. We talked about â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning,† â€Å"On My First Son,† â€Å"the Loveliest of Trees, The Cherry Now,† and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz.† All of these poems were short and to the point. However, my favorite was â€Å"On My First Son† because it actually madeRead MoreLove and Nature in the Poems of Robert Frost Essay 2313 Words   |  10 Pageswood, and I- / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.† (Frost 697) Robert Frost was a unique writer of the 20th century. In his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† Birches Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Fire and Ice and Mending Wall Robert Frost explores the theme of nature, and the human emotion love. Robert Frost is considered a humanist and is one of the most well-known American poets. â€Å"If the United States ever adopted a national poet, chances are it wouldRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poems On Death, Religion, And Love1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"dashes and syntactical fragments†(81), which was edited out by her original publishers. These fragmented statements and dashes were added to emphasize certain lines and subjects to accentuate the theme of her poems. Emily Dickinson wrote descriptive, moving poems on death, religion, and love. Her poems continue to create gripping discussions among scholars on the meaning behind her words. Emily Dickinson was thought to have an obsession with death, which could be caused by two things. Firstly in the later

Robert Browning and the Dramatic Monologue - 1390 Words

Gabrielle Stith Denton English 12-2 May 13, 2004 Robert Browning and the Dramatic Monologue Controlling Purpose: to analyze selected works of Robert Browning. I. Brief overview of Browning A. Greatest Poet B. Family Life II. Brief overview of My Last Duchess A. Descriptive adjectives B. Cause for death C. Description of his wife III. Definition of Dramatic Monologue IV. Comments by Glenn Everett A. Point of View B. Tone C. Audience Imagination V. Comments by Terry Bohannon A. No Christianity B. Evil Characters Robert Browning and the Dramatic Monologue Robert Browning, one of the greatest poets of his literary period, was born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell, London. He was the first child of Robert and Sarah Anna Browning†¦show more content†¦The dramatic monologue, as we understand it today is a lyric poem in which the speaker addresses a silent listener, revealing himself in the context of a dramatic situation (Murfin 97). The character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic moment in the speakers life. The circumstances surrounding the conversation of the one side which we hear as the dramatic monologue, are made by clear implication and an insight into the character of the speaker may result (Holman 152). Although Browning wrote numerous dramatic monologues, his contemporaries often criticized his works as being too emotional. The dramatic monologues of Browning are characterized by certain identifiable traits. The three requirements of a Browning dramatic monologue are The reader takes the part of the listener; the speaker uses a case-making argumentative tone: we complete the dramatic scene from within, by means of inference and imagination (Landow 1). Critics have interpreted the third requirement, the readers interpretation and conclusions, as a suspension of the reader/listener between sympathy and judgment. The reader has a choice regarding the intent of the speaker, but he/she must remain removed until the speaker is done making his argument. Glenn Everett believes the role of the listener is a discovery that engages the imagination, but the listener must remain detached and abstain from passing judgment until the work isShow MoreRelatedRobert Browning s Dramatic Monologue953 W ords   |  4 Pages Robert Browning was a brilliant writer. The Longman Anthology of British Literature says, â€Å"More than any other nineteenth-century figure, Browning shaped the poetry of the twentieth, influencing British and American poets from, Hardy and Yeats to Elliot, Pound, Frost, Lowell, and Stevens† (1322). One of Robert Browning’s specialties was dramatic monologues. In his dramatic monologues, Browning develops his characters really well. Throughout the monologue Browning shows the true character of theRead More The Dramatic Monologues of Robert Browning Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesThe Dramatic Monologues of Robert Browning Consider the range of characterisation in Browning’s dramatic monologues and the poetic methods he employs to portray his speakers. Some are written in rhyming verse, use metaphors, et cetera, but for what reason? What is the writer trying to achieve and how successful is he? Robert Browning (1812-1889) was an English poet noted for his mastery of dramatic monologue. He was born in London, the son of a wealthy clerk at the bank of EnglandRead More Robert Browning and the Power of the Dramatic Monologue Form1432 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Browning and the Power of the Dramatic Monologue Form The dramatic monologue form, widely used by Victorian poets, allows the writer to engage more directly with his reader by placing him in the role of listener. Robert Browning utilised the form to a famously profound effect, creating a startling aspect to his poetry. In poems such as â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover,† and â€Å"My Last Duchess,† for example, Browning induces a feeling of intimacy by presenting the reader as the ‘confidant’ to theRead MorePurposes of the Dramatic Monologue in My Last Duchess by Robert Browning920 Words   |  4 PagesMy Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue spoken by the Duke Ferrari. It highlights the jealous and sadistic nature of his character and the weirdness that surrounds his late wife’s demise. A dramatic monologue is a kind of poem whereby a single fictional or historical character other than the poet is made to speak to a silent audience, in this case, only the main character is allowed to talk. The purpose of the monologue is to not to disclose the poet’s own ideas but the thoughtsRead MoreEminems Stan: Following the Form of a Dramatic Monologue Popularized by Robert Browning1088 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The song â€Å"Stan† by rap artist Eminem fits the dramatic monologue format popularized by Robert Browning, because in Eminem’s song, Stan fits all of the characteristics of the Duke in My last Douches. Stan is extremely obsessive; in the beginning of the song he dies his hair and is trying to actually become Slim Shady, even his outfit and style are the same as Slim and is screaming in his girlfriend’s face because she keeps calling him Stanly when I would imagine he would want to be called Slim, orRead MoreA Comparison of the Dramatic Monologues of Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning665 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of the Dramatic Monologues of Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Robert Browning (1812-89) was, with Alfred Lord Tennyson, one of the two most celebrated of Victorian poets. His father was a bank clerk, and Browning educated himself by reading in the family library. He published many verse dramas and dramatic monologues (poems, like My Last Duchess, in which a single character speaks to the reader), notably the collections Men and WomenRead MoreAnalyzing How Robert Browning Uses Dramatic Monologue to Portray Madness in His Poems My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover1438 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing How Robert Browning Uses Dramatic Monologue to Portray Madness in His Poems My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover A dramatic monologue is when a character in a piece of writing speaks their thoughts and feelings out loud. It is used because it gives an insight into the persons mind. Browning chose this form for the two poems because it makes the poem feel more realistic and you know everything the character is feeling it also subconsciously makes the reader feelRead MoreA Brief Look at Robert Browning1001 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish poet named Robert Browning who was born on May 7, 1812 in England. Robert Browning had extremely dramatic monologues, which later in life portrayed him as one of the best Victorian poets in the world. His father who worked as a bank clerk and mother who was a pianist, both collected books and pictures. â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister† are one of his best examples expressing his dramatic monologues and verses. ​At the age of fourteen Robert Browning already knew FrenchRead More Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert924 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning. â€Å"Ulysses† was written by Lord Tennyson and is a poem about a mythical Greek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is a dramatic monologue is â€Å"My Last Duchess†, by Robert Browning. Both poems are similar, for example they are both structured similarly, and are both different, one difference being their subject. In this essay I will compare the two poems, focusing on form, and how language helps Read MoreAchievement of Self-Expression Through Concealment in Dramatic Monologue2761 Words   |  12 PagesHow does the dramatic monologue achieve self expression through concealment? Discuss with reference to any three Browning poems. When discussing the poetic form of dramatic monologue it is rare that it is not associated with and its usage attributed to the poet Robert Browning. Robert Browning has been considered the master of the dramatic monologue. Although some critics are sceptical of his invention of the form, for dramatic monologue is evidenced in poetry preceding Browning, it is believed

Reflective Journal And Case Study Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(92) " are the 1 that conducts the surveies on it and portion the information all over the Earth\." Our treatment last Thursday and Friday focused on the Impact of Disease on Health Care Delivery System and Health A ; Social Care. During that clip our coach Kate gave us an activity which we will mention illustrations have disease affected those countries of wellness. Due to our disserted subject I learned that one time a disease happen get through in a community many jobs will look and needs to be solve instantly before it will acquire worst. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal And Case Study Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To forestall it to go on, many administration like WHO, DOH, UNICEF etc. made actions to command it but unluckily still many jobs coming up which was all explained by the groups. Thingss like Financial Issues, Supply and Demands, Lack of Awareness and Knowledge, Skills Shortage and Poor conformity are the cited jobs in all groups that occur in a community who are affected with any sorts of disease. We come up this thought of some grounds. Why Fiscal Issues? Because medical specialties and manpower are non free which means it needs support to get by this job particularly when a big part of persons who are needed to be rendered with wellness services. Supply and Demands, still related to fiscal issues. Lack of Awareness and Knowledge, this contributes the job because if a community is deficiency of consciousness or cognition about it wellness they are really vulnerable to unwellnesss or diseases. Skills Shortage this pertains to the members of wellness attention system, it talks about how effectual are they in rendering their services, are they professional and skilled to give services in an efficient and effectual manner? ? Another subject we besides considered last hebdomad was about instance survey of Philip, that survey is really meaningful to us because its negotiations about Philips wellness and household job. That instance survey gives us information that Health consciousness is critical to a human life and we should take attention of ourselves. It besides gives thoughts to wellness practician on how to pull off a instance that has important state of affairs and demands immediate attending. Has this new cognition changed my apprehension? ( have I developed a whole new manner of seeing things ) : Knowing about the subject we tackled last hebdomad enlightened my head on the importance of caring ourselves and a community as a wellness practician. Hearing those facts make me believe that we should take attention ourselves in many ways like holding adequate cognition in wellness publicity and disease bar, regular look into up to measure our wellness position whether we are holding unwellness or non, holding healthy wont, diet and lifestyle. On the other manus besides as a wellness attention supplier it is our duty to supply wellness learning on those persons we know that needs it or even non because making this promotes wellness and gives cognition to them on avoiding any disease jobs. In add-on, we should be a function theoretical account of wellness to them because this is one of the effectual manner were they will believe our wellness instructions and use it to their egos. How will I use this cognition and apprehension in my work state of affairs? In my state of affairs, there are many instances where I can use this facts and cognition I gathered in our last hebdomad ‘s treatment. As we know, we can meet different instance of diseases in attention places both catching and non-communicable disease and we are cognizant that we ‘re susceptible to hold that diseases if we are non cognizant of it. Due to this point, safeguards necessary to forestall acquiring and spread of one disease to another and we can make it by using the things we discussed about public wellness in our workplace. In order to avoid ourselves and others from acquiring any disease we must keep making the basic things like manus rinsing after toileting/diapering, before fixing or eating nutrient, after covering a sneezing or cough, after blowing the olfactory organ, before and after handling a sore or lesion. Exploitation of proper protective vesture as a first line of defense mechanism. Learning a new subject leads to alterations in our cognition and apprehension and should besides take to alterations in ways of working. Identify any new cognition, facts or theories that I have learnt from this hebdomad ‘s instruction: Last hebdomad, We discussed all the things that are related about public wellness and itself. I found out that public wellness is a really wide subject and correlates many constituents such as wellness sector, wellness administrations, etc. I learned that Public Health is critical in assisting people to be cognizant about their wellness because it promotes good wellness, prolongs life and prevents society in acquiring any sort of diseases. It is besides a collected title for the wellness of the certain population. In airing of all the information related to wellness, there are bureaus that are responsible in data distribution. This bureaus and sectors are the 1 who takes the publicity, bar, planning, action, and execution of all the ends in sing wellness information airing. One of the most common bureaus here in United Kingdom is the National Health Service or normally called NHS. This bureau acts as a model of local administrations responsible for the health care of the community and to work with the local community to better our populations wellness and good being. There are more bureaus that acts or has a function like the NHS in relation to Public Health. On the other manus Health Organisation has a large function in footings of advancing people in wellness consciousness of the community because they are the 1 who distribute the wellness information globally such as World Health Organisation. WHO is the administration that coordinates and directs for wellness within the United Nations. WHO leads in supplying information about planetary wellness affairs. Every clip there is a new instance of disease they are the 1 that conducts the surveies on it and portion the information all over the Earth. You read "Reflective Journal And Case Study Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" For illustration, last hebdomad we had disserted the subject about the different infective disease ( Swine Flu, Salmonella, HIV/AIDS, Measles, Meningitis, Tuberculosis, and MRSA ) and Non-infectious Disease ( Cancer, Coronary Heart Disease, Cerebro-Vascular Accident, Obesity, Asthma ) which are the merchandises of the studios of WHO. Without WHO we cant gain entree or ignorant about these diseases. Match standards Has this new cognition changed my apprehension? ( have I developed a whole new manner of seeing things ) The subject we discussed does n’t alter my understanding about Public Health. The lesson we take up last hebdomad adds information about what I know in public wellness and it makes me understand that it is really of import in constructing healthy community non merely in a certain topographic point but globally. It besides reminds me that as a wellness practician, we have besides the duty to portion what we have learned about advancing wellness and preventing diseases. Through this manner we can assist accomplish one of the Public Health end, which is the Health Awareness. How will I use this new cognition and apprehension in my work state of affairs? Like what I have said before, we can use this cognition by sharing the information about public wellness and stating them how to forestall diseases. In my state of affairs as an Health Care Assistant in a Care Home, I can portion what I have learned by stating to all my co-worker ‘s the importance of utilizing protective apparels whilst giving attention to a service user and explicating them how to do care a service user who has infective and non-infectious disease. Introduction In this assignment, for Part 1, I am traveling to mention two bureaus and named their functions in Public Health in footings of placing degree of wellness and disease in communities. I will call besides epidemiology of two diseases and look into a chart or graphical signifier of its incident rate. On other manus I will demo the Statistical Data of the two diseases and construe it establish on facts and my apprehension. In every bureau I will take two different attacks and schemes in commanding disease and look into its effectivity and after that I will do surveillance on how it improves Public Health. In this activity excessively I need to inspect current precedences to the proviso of one disease and gives illustration on how it relates between prevalence rate, its causes and the demands for wellness and societal attention services. Research In Part 2, I will make a instance survey on a given informations or on a workplace experience. Analyse its critical factors that affects single ‘s wellness so after I am traveling to set its precedences and measure its effectivity to persons good being. I will proposed every bit good changes that can better its wellness and put it in action like holding implementing runs to promote maximise their wellness. In this portion, I will explicate the function of 2 different bureaus in placing degrees of wellness and disease in communities PUBLIC HEALTH It is bettering and safeguarding well-being. Public Health is in charge for wellness safety, wellness sweetening and wellness inequalities issues in England. It is responsible moreover for determining policy, apportioning resources, co-ordinating actions and oversing advancement. Diagnose and look into wellness jeopardies and wellness jobs in the society. Assess handiness, effectivity, and quality of personal and population-based wellness services. In add-on they are the one organised community attempts in taking bar of disease and publicity of wellness. In relation of this, I select two bureaus that will partake the ends of public wellness. There are many bureaus that have of import functions in the society. I chose two bureaus which helps lend wellness consciousness and protection for any sort of diseases ; it is the Department of Health ( DOH ) and National Health Services ( NHS ) . I will exactly associate this two bureau to the two diseases I chose which is the Meningitis and Cerebrovascular Accident. Department of Health has many functions for the society. This bureau focuses on issues related to the general wellness of the people. It besides compiles statistics about wellness issues of their country. It assesses and assures hazard direction to human wellness from the environment decently. Promote and protect the wellness and health of the people within the society and community. Promote and protects the public wellness to forestall disease and unwellness. Provides research and information for the sensing, coverage, bar, and control of any diseases or wellness jeopardy that the section considers to be unsafe that likely affects the public wellness. Establish a unvarying public wellness plan throughout the community which includes uninterrupted service, employment of qualified employees, and a basic plan of disease control, critical and wellness statistics, sanitation, public wellness nursing, and other preventative heath plans necessary or desirable for the protection of public w ellness. Gather and disseminate information on causes of hurt, illness, decease, and disablement and the hazard factors that contribute to the causes of hurt, illness, decease, and disablement within the society for their consciousness. Implement plans and runs necessary or desirable for the publicity or protection of the public wellness to cut down and command the disease. DOH develops strategic attacks for current wellness hazards. Establish hazard analysis model and care of hazard criterions. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.le.utah.gov/interim/2005/pdf/00000306 National Health Services is a publically funded health care systems in United Kingdom, this bureau concentrate on keeping people ‘s wellness and wellbeing. This bureau is responsible for presenting quality and effectual wellness service to humanity. They besides contribute just entree to everyone in relation to people ‘s demand. They are responsible for doing payments to independent primary attention contractors such as GPs, dentists, lens makers and druggists in rendering their services to all people who needs it. It provides different caring services such as Emergency Respite Care, where attention is provided if an person ; are unable to carry through your caring duties due to unanticipated fortunes, such as illness.A Domiciliary Care, where person comes into your place and takes over some of your duties for a few hours.A Day attention Centre, where the individual you care for spends clip at a Centre whilst you have a few trim hours to yourself. There are more services rendered by the NHS which develop societies wellness hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/36D1CF8D85714DBECA25720D001F6860/ $ File/quaat3.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/newnhs/wpaper8.htm In this portion, I will look into the epidemiology of two diseases in graph format and demo my apprehension and reading of the given informations: Meningitis is an infection of the meninxs, protective membranes that surround the encephalon and spinal cord. Infection can do the meningesA to go inflamed and crestless wave, which can damage the nervousnesss and encephalon. This can do symptoms such as a terrible concern, purging, high febrility, stiff cervix and sensitiveness to visible radiation. Many people ( but non all ) besides develop a typical tegument roseola. Symptoms can differ in immature kids and babes. See the â€Å" symptoms † subdivision for more information. Meningitis can be caused by: bacteriums, such as streptococci pneumoniae, the bacteriums besides responsible for pneumonia, which normally live harmlessly in your oral cavity and pharynx, and viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus. Viral meningitis Viral meningitis is the most common and less serious type of meningitis. There are about 3,000 instances of viral meningitis reported in England and Wales every twelvemonth, but experts believe the true figure is much higher. This is because in many instances of viral meningitis the symptoms are so mild that they can frequently be mistaken for grippe. Viral meningitis is most common in immature kids and babes, particularly in babes less than one twelvemonth old. Viral meningitis normally gets better by itself within a twosome of hebdomads, without the demand for specific intervention. Bacterial meningitis Bacterial meningitis is highly serious and should be treated as a medical exigency. If the bacterial infection is left untreated, it can do terrible harm to the encephalon and infect the blood ( blood poisoning ) , taking to decease. Treatment requires a transportation to an intensive attention unit so the organic structure ‘s maps can be supported whilst antibiotics are used to contend the infection. There are about 2,000 instances of bacterial meningitis in England and Wales every twelvemonth. The figure of instances has dropped aggressively in recent old ages due to a successful inoculation programme that protects against many of the bacteriums that can do meningitis. The intervention for bacterial meningitis has improved greatly. Several decennaries ago, about all people with bacterial meningitis would decease, even if they received prompt intervention. Now deaths occur inA one in 10 instances, normally as a consequence of a hold in intervention. Bacterial meningitis is most common in kids and babes under the age of three, and in adolescents and immature people aged 15-24. The best manner to forestall meningitis is to guarantee that your household ‘s inoculations are up to day of the month. Stroke ( cerebrovascular accident ) A shot happens when the blood supply to the encephalon is disturbed in some manner. As a consequence, encephalon cells are starved of O. This causes some cells to decease and leaves other cells damaged. Types of shot Most shots happen when a blood coagulum blocks one of the arterias ( blood vass ) that carries blood to the encephalon. This type of shot is called an ischemic shot. Transeunt ischaemic onslaught ( TIA ) or ‘mini-stroke ‘ is a short-run shot that lasts for less than 24 hours. The O supply to the encephalon is rapidly restored and symptoms disappear. A transeunt shot demands prompt medical attending because it indicates a serious hazard of a major shot. Cerebral thrombosis is when a blood coagulum ( thrombus ) signifiers in an arteria that supplies blood to the encephalon. Blood vass that are furred up with fatty sedimentations ( atheroma ) make a obstruction more likely. The coagulum prevents blood fluxing to the encephalon and cells are starved of O. Cerebral intercalation is a blood coagulum that signifiers elsewhere in the organic structure before going through the blood vass and lodging in the encephalon. In the encephalon, it starve cells of O. An irregular pulse or recent bosom onslaught may do you prone to organizing blood coagulums. Cerebral bleeding is when a blood vas explosions inside the encephalon and bleeds ( bleedings ) . With a bleeding, blood seeps into the encephalon tissue and causes excess harm. ( 2009 ) ( Meningitis ) . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Meningitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx. [ Accessed Feb. 24, 2010 ] These are the graphs demoing the rates of Meningitis and Cardiovascular Accident here in United Kingdom. Beginning: PHLS Meningococcal Reference Unit Disease Trends Group B- unvaccinated Meningococcal serogroup C Group C- vaccinated with Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum ( MCC ) Others Ungroup This graph tabular array shows the effectivity of meningococcal conjugate vaccinum from 1998 – 2007. As we have seen in the figure, the instance reduces every twelvemonth particularly to those who have taken the vaccinum. It besides shows the successful phased debut of the meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum ( MCC ) in 1999 into the National Immunisation Programme in the UK. This graph tells besides that the unsusceptibility to Meningitis C has been identified in age groups who have non been vaccinated, as bacteria passenger car rates are reduced across the population. We can see besides in this tabular array that those who did n’t take meningococcal vaccinum were greatly affectional by Meningitis. Beginning: NOIDS England A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis and Septicaemia by Age Group In this tabular array, we could reason that ages under 1-4 old ages old was greatly affected by meningitis as we have seen in the extremums of the graph and 0-11 months was greatly affected by the Pneumococcal and Meningococcal disease. And the same ‘peaks ‘ in the figure of presentments for the ‘under 4 old ages ‘ and ’15-24 ‘ age groups can besides be seen with meningococcal blood poisoning. Beginning: NOIDS England A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis ( without Septicaemia ) by Age Group This graph shows the high figure of presentments of meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) in England and Wales. Detecting this graph will observe us that the instances in 2005, age group that is 1 twelvemonth of age are greatly affected with Meningococcal Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis and 15 to 24 old ages of age were averagely affected with the certain disease. It besides illustrates us that among the group instances ‘under 1 twelvemonth of age ‘ gets the highest extremum in holding Pneumococcal disease. It is besides interesting to observe that the pneumococcal meningitis extremums once more in the older age groups ( 45-64 and 65+ ) . Top of Form Bottom of Form This graph shows all the per centums of all six classs are sing shot. Figures for males are in dark grey bars and informations for females are in light grey bars, with the figure of patients in each age class shown above each saloon. All informations are patients who are sing shot or CVA. As we observed in the graph the age group from 30 to lt ; 40 of males has the highest rate of sing shot and in female is the age group whilst 50 to lt ; 60 is the extreme gait of age for females. 20 to lt ; 30 and 40 to lt ; 50 has the same rate in sing this disease. In female 30 to lt ; 40 and 50 to lt ; 60 is about same to each other holding this disease. This illustration shows the Incidence Rate of shot in United States and United Kingdom. Detailss are articulated as individual per twelvemonth holding shot in 7 age classs. Individual sing shots, person-years of followup was defined as the figure of old ages from birth to the day of the month for first recorded shot. For single without shots, person-years of followup were defined as the last available follow-up day of the month during the natural history period. Stroke incidence rates are revealed in informations chart beneath the graph. As you see the informations it ‘s really clear that a UK male has the highest incidence rates. UK Females, US Males and US Females are largely like has the same incidence rate in happening of CVA. In this portion, I will take at least two attacks and schemes that control the incidence of one disease and analyze its effectivity: As bar of these diseases and to diminish its rate Department of Health and National Health Services brand schemes and run to achieve their ends. Department of Health formulate the â€Å" Meningitis C Campaign â€Å" the intent of the this run was to immunize every bit many as possible of the state ‘s 15 million immature people and kids aged under the age of 18 old ages in as short a clip as possible, immunizing those most at hazard of disease foremost. Transporting out of the programme was made harmonizing to the hazard of disease-those at extreme hazard being immunised foremost. In November 1999, National Childhood Programme introduces the everyday immunization of vaccinum at the ages of two, three and four months – alongside the DTP, Hib and infantile paralysis vaccinums and in December 1999 stripling that ages 15 and 17 was besides immunised. As a consequence of the run there are around 13 million kids have immunised during the first twelvemonth through the aid of general practicians, nurses, immunization coordinators and many other wellness professional. This was prosecuting by a widespread draw aboard programme to immunize all other kids and adolescents up to the age of 18 old ages in 2000/2001.A After that the vaccinum was made accessible to anyone up to 25 old ages. National Health Services contributed besides a meningitis bar plan here in United Kingdom. The â€Å" Campaign to advance new Vaccine against Meningitis † , this plan encouraged all parents to immunize their kids against pneumococcal disease which is the causative agent of meningitis. General Practitioners has the large function of this run because they are the who will catch-up the run for the kids ages 0 – 2 old ages who is get downing their immunizations. This plan was imposed by Health Minister Dr. Brian Gibbons. He states that: â€Å" Immunization is the best manner to protect kids from serious disease and the everyday childhood programme has been highly effectual in accomplishing this. The alterations will farther better the programme and benefit kids. This new vaccinum will assist salvage lives and prevent 100s more instances of serious unwellness such as meningitis and pneumonia. † To maximize the defense mechanism against Meningitis C and Hib disease NHS made two alterations in the everyday plan. The present three doses of Meningitis C vaccinum will be respaced at three and four months of age with a supporter shooting at 12 months. Most up-to-date cogent evidence shows that the protection offered by this vaccinum declines one twelvemonth after inoculation. To maximize the protection in the first two old ages of life when the hazard of infection is high, we will urge doses at three and four months of age and a supporter dosage at 12 months. A supporter shooting of Hib vaccinum will be given at 12 months. In 1992 Hib vaccinum was introduced and is soon given to kids at two, three and four months of age. Since 1999, there was a little but slow addition in the figure of instances in older kids being reported. Again, because of this Meningitis bar plan, the disease declined over clip. There was a Hib supporter run happened in 2003. This dosage was given to older kids to maximize their unsusceptibility. This upturned the little addition in infections that had started to happen. A supporter dosage of Hib vaccinum is being added to the childhood immunization programme as a modus operandi at 12 months to widen protection against Hib disease. The new everyday inoculation agenda is as follows: 2 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + pneumococcal vaccinum 3 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + MenC vaccinum 4 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + MenC + pneumococcal vaccinum 12 months Hib/Men C 13 months MMR + pneumococcal vaccinum DTaP/IPV/Hib is a individual injection that protects against diphtheria, lockjaw, whooping cough, infantile paralysis and Hib. MenC protects against meningitis C Hib/ MenC is a combined vaccinum protecting against Hib and Meningitis C ( 2009 ) ( Campaign to advance new Vaccine against Meningitis ) available from www.immunisation.nhs.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] Due to this run the rate of meningococcal infection has fallen every twelvemonth since, and the instances of laboratory-confirmed group C meningococcal disease across all age groups immunised has go down by 90 % since the vaccinum was implemented. In 2003/04, there were merely 65 instances reported and 8 deceases. There was even a good consequence in those who were non immunised with a decrease of approximately 70 % , urging that the vaccinum has had a community protection consequence. In fact the run has been so successful that meningitis C disease now accounts for less than 10 % of meningococcal meningitis instances. Even though the run made a great success still the wellness functionaries and medical professionals need to stay cautious. ( 2010 ) ( Meningitis C Campaign ) available from hypertext transfer protocol: //webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] . For Cardiovascular Accident bar, Department of Health formulated new schemes to fall its rate. They formulated the Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run ; F.A.S.T means Face, Arm, Speech, and Time. The Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run aims to learn all wellness related professionals and the community on the marks of shot and that prompt exigency intervention can cut down the hazard of decease and disablement. The run will advise the community about F.A.S.T. to name 999. F.A.S.T is a simple scrutiny to assist people to place the marks of shot and be cognizant of the importance of fast exigency direction. Campaign adverts, on Television, wireless, cyberspace and circulars, illustrate stroke ‘spreading like fire in the encephalon ‘ to show that fast exigency action can restrict harm and radically raise a individual ‘s chance of lasting and of avoiding long-run disablement. ( 2010 ) ( Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run ) available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] If Department of Health has its run towards CVA, National Health Services provide besides a plan to decrease its incidence rate ; The National Stroke Awareness Campaign. This run is related to F.A.S.T were NHS implemented that all paramedics should cognize how to measure a individual utilizing F.A.S.T before directing them to hospital. They besides made a Stroke Association who will back up this run. This sort of charity is entirely concerned with contending shot towards people in all ages. The charity resources research into bar, intervention, better methods of rehabilitation and facilitates stroke patients and their households straight through its Rehabilitation and Support Services which include Communication Support, Family and Carer Support, information services, public assistance grants, publications and cusps. In this portion, I will look into current precedences and attacks to the proviso of heath services for people with one disease: Treating Meningitis is non easy thing to make because this disease has assorted types, viral and bacterial meningitis. There is no intervention for Viral Meningitis. The immune system, will make antibodies to eliminate the virus. Until it is known that a kid has viral, non bacterial meningitis, he or she will be admitted to the infirmary. But one time the determination of viral meningitis is complete, antibiotics are stopped, and a kid who is recovering satisfactorily will be sent place. Simply acetaminophen must be given to decrease febrilities. Clear fluids and a bland diet including preferable nutrients should be offered. During recovery, a kid desires rest in a glooming, quiet room. Bright visible radiations, noise and invitees may annoy a kid with meningitis. Increased anxiousness on the encephalon from build-up of fluid in the meninxs is a terrible job. ( 2010 ) ( Viral Meningitis ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthscout.com. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ) For Bacterial Meningitis may turn out fatal within hours. Patients with suspected acute bacterial meningitis should be instantly admitted to the infirmary and assessed for whether LP ( lichen planus ) is clinically safe. Disinfectants should be given rapidly. If LP is tardily because a CT scan is indispensable, antibiotic action should be started before the scan and after blood samples have been attained for civilization. When the exact being is recognized and consequences of susceptiblenesss are known, intervention can be customized consequently. After the diagnosing has been confirmed ( by and large within 12-48 hours of admittance to the infirmary ) , the patient ‘s antimicrobic therapy can be modified harmonizing to the causative being and its susceptiblenesss. Supportive therapy, such as unstable replacing, should be continued. Dexamethasone should be continued for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitides. S pneumoniae ( continuance of therapy 10-14 yearss ) Penicillin susceptible ( minimal inhibitory concentration [ MIC ] lt ; 0.1 microgram/mL ) : Principen or penicillin G Penicillin intermediate ( MIC = 0.1-1.0 microgram/mL ) : Claforan or Rocephin Penicillin resistant ( MIC a†°?2.0 microgram/mL ) or cephalosporin-resistant ( MIC a†°?1.0 microgram/mL ) : Vancocin AND Claforan or Rocephin. H influenzae ( continuance of therapy 10-14 yearss ) Beta-lactamase-negative: Principen Beta-lactamase-positive: Claforan or Rocephin. Streptococcus agalactiae ( group B streptococcus ) ( continuance of therapy 14-21 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Principen or penicillin G. Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae: ( continuance of therapy 21-28 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Claforan or Rocephin. Listeria monocytogenes ( continuance of therapy 21-28 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Principen or penicillin G. Staphylococcus aureus ( continuance of therapy depends on microbiological response of CSF and underlying unwellness of the patient ) Methicillin susceptible: Nafcil or oxacillin Methicillin resistant: Vancocin. Staphylococcus epidermidis ( continuance of therapy depends on microbiological response of CSF and underlying unwellness of the patient ) Vancomycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Ceftazidime and Garamycin. Enterococcus species ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Ampicillin and Garamycin. Acinetobacter species ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Gentamicin and meropenem. N meningitides ( continuance of therapy 5-7 yearss ) Penicillin susceptible ( MIC lt ; 0.1 microgram/mL ) : Principen or penicillin G Penicillin intermediate ( MIC = 0.1-1.0 microgram/mL ) : Claforan or Rocephin. ( 2010 ) ( Bacterial Meningitis ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //bestpractice.bmj.com. [ Accessed February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will explicate by giving illustrations, the relationship between the prevalence of one disease, its causes and the demands for wellness and societal attention services: Nowadays United Kingdom is still cautious about Meningitis even though the incidence rate is already diminishing radically. To be safe, wellness administration are prioritizing adult females and kids ‘s wellness. They develop a guideline which suggest about direction of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in kids. There are stakeholders furthermore helped in heightening the range of this undertaking and after the assignment of the guideline development group, they will do a series of inquiries all approximately clinical importance that covers the guideline of the range which includes diagnosing of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning, direction of suspected bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in primary attention and the in the pre-hospital scene, direction of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in secondary attention, retrieval and transportation to secondary and third attention, pick and timing of probes, information that should be given to parents and carers. Beginning: NOIDS England A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Beginning: PHLS Meningococcal Reference Unit Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis ( without Septicaemia ) by Age Group This two graph shows the high figure of presentments of meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) instances in the ‘less than 4 old ages ‘ and ’15-24 old ages ‘ age groups. It besides illustrates that instance within the ‘less than 4 old ages ‘ age group extremum at ‘less than 1 old ages ‘ . It is besides interesting to observe that the pneumococcal meningitis extremums once more in the older age groups ( 45-64 and 65+ ) . As what you can see here in the prevalence rate of bacterial meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) , it is really clear that the largely affected with this disease is the Serogroup Group B, it has the highest rate with 88 % above the 4 class. A Confirmed meningococcal infections by part hebdomads 2008-49 to 2009-02 A Serogroup B Other serogroups Sum confirmed instances East Midlands 17 – 17 Eastern 26 2 28 London 23 3 26 North East 14 2 16 North West 52 4 56 South A ; West 27 4 31 South East 26 1 27 West Midlands 32 8 40 Yorkshire A ; Humberside 35 6 41 Entire 252 30 282 A Meningococcal serogroup B infections in England A clear addition in studies of Neisseria meningitides serogroup B infections has been observed during December 2008 and early January 2009. The figure of instances reported during December and early January ( hebdomad 2008-49 to hebdomad 2009-02 ) , nevertheless, is well higher ( 252 ) than the same period during any of the old three old ages ( 198, 142, and 191 ) . Cases are disseminated across England. The probationary sum figure of meningococcal serogroup B infections all through 2008 was 1070, similar to the one-year sums for 2007 ( 1076 ) and 2006 ( 1011 ) . Lab confirmed instances of meningococcal disease: England and Wales, five-weekly moving norms, 1997 to 2009 By and large the figure of confirmed meningococcal instances remains low down with lone 1194 confirmed instances in 2008, lower than 2007 ( 1256 ) and go oning the overall descending tendency since 1999/2000. A chief engagement to the overall decrease has been the sustained autumn in serogroup C instances following the debut of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum in 1999. Merely 22 instances of serogroup C infection were confirmed last twelvemonth, compared to 989 instances in 1999. Serogroup B infections have in the past shown perennial fluctuations, frequently linked to the flow of precise strains. The encouragement observed during December 2008 and early January 2009 appears to be connected with a scope of serogroup B being. ( 2010 ) ( Health Protection Report ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] This graph every bit good shows that the Public Health in this clip does n’t hold adequate any cognition about the disease and unable to handle those affected with the unwellness. Due to this ground wellness administration that is related with this job requires to carry on more survey and research on how to bring around or handle non merely the class above that has the highest rate of this disease and prone to hold more mortality and morbidity rate but all of all class that is affected with the disease. They need besides to make more runs, schemes and attacks to contend with it, this so called provisioning. Health attention system should maintain an oculus to this disease to follow community ‘s demands. This is a challenge for them to do and pull off clinical services more dependable to all persons. Health attention purveying cardinal must turn to both efficiency and fulfillment to all persons. In this portion, I will analyze the impact of two current lifestyle picks on futute demands for wellness and societal attention services: Every person can take their ain life style but unluckily some of them do n’t cognize what its consequence on their wellness, some every bit good knows its bad effects but they ‘re maintaining making it because they tend to ground out that it is connected to their life and they ca n’t populate without it. Like in my assignment Cerebral Vascular Accident, this disease can be related on our life style for illustration Substance Abuse, imbibing excessively much intoxicant increases the hazard CVA, imbibing excessively much intoxicant can raise blood force per unit area because it makes our blood syrupy, that may do bosom failure and it will take to stroke. It raises besides our organic structure ‘s triglycerides that may bring forth irregular pulses. It besides contributes to fleshiness which means if a individual is corpulent they are more possible to hold shot. The hazard of bosom disease in people who drink moderate sums of intoxicant is lower that non-drinke rs. Normally a person can merely hold 1-1/2 fluid ounces ( fl oz ) of 80-proof liquors ( such as Bourbon, Scotch, vodka, gin, etc. ) , 1 fl oz of 100-proof liquors, 4 fl oz of vino, or 12 fl oz of beer or intoxicant to hold healthy imbibing life style. Another life style that may take person to the demand of societal service in the hereafter that is related in shot is Excessive Cigarette Smoking. Cigarette Smoking is widespread and important as a hazard factor that the general sawbones has called it â€Å" the taking preventable cause of disease and deceases. † Cigarette smoke increases the hazard of coronary bosom disease by itself. When it acts with other factors, it greatly increases hazard. Smoking additions blood force per unit area, decreases exercising tolerance and increases the inclination for blood to coagulate that ‘s why it can do intellectual vascular accident. The nicotine and C monoxide in coffin nail fume harm the cardiovascular system in many ways which contributes the intellectual vascular accident to go on. Smoking besides increases the hazard of perennial coronary bosom disease after beltway surgery because as we have know that smoking can do our blood syrupy and of this there is a large possibility that the stent that was putted in affected vas will be removed and may do more obstruction. Cigarette smoke is the most of import hazard factor for immature work forces and adult females particularly nowadays bush leagues smoke coffin nail and overdo it. It besides produces a greater comparative hazard in individuals under age 50 than in those over 50.Women who smoke and use unwritten preventives greatly increase their hazard of coronary bosom disease and shot compared with non-smoking adult females who use unwritten preventives. Smoking lessenings High Density Lipoproteins ( good cholesterin. ) Cigarette smoke combined with a household history of bosom disease besides seems to greatly increase the hazard. ( 2010 ) ( Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will look into the scope of services required to back up persons affected by one disease in a local community: Meningitis causes widespread dismay in all communities. To back up community in combating with Meningitis Public Health squad including Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre ( CCDC ) , Consultants in Public Health Medicine ( CPHM ) , Advance Health Optics ( AMO ) provides a 24 hr helpline all over United Kingdom because Department of Health put Meningitis as one of the most feared unwellness by parents and 2nd highest incidence rate in Europe. Due to this outbreak Meningitis Research Foundation works straight with Public Health Teams this is to guarantee that people have full and accurate information without doing unneeded frights with this disease. They besides made a cusp titled â€Å" Meningococcal Meningitis and Septicaemia – Am I at Hazard? † to inform the community and go cognizant with it. The purpose of this cusp is to still baseless frights about meningococcal disease by assisting people understand the degree of hazard, and replying often asked inquiries about the diseases ; and clearly illustrates the different symptoms of meningitis and blood poisoning, the roseolas of meningococcal disease and the tumbler trial. Americium I at Risk was developed through audience with CCDCs and CPHMs every bit good as baby doctors and representatives of the Department of Health, The Royal College of General Practitioners, The British Medical Association and the Office for Health Gain. Many public wellness physicians routinely include this cusp with letters that are sent place to parents when covering with a instance in a school or baby’s room. For many parents, the messages about degrees of hazard and the reassurance of holding symptoms information stopping point to manus aid to still their frights. 24 helpline is a helpline where community can name anytime ; it is operated by trained and qualified staff nurse to talk to companies who needs information about this disease and to those who has inquiries about disease dark and twenty-four hours. This will supply every bit good information for people concerned about meningitis and blood poisoning. ( 2010 ) ( Public Health Teams ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.meningitis.org/health-professionals. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] CASE STUDY In this portion of the assignment I will now discourse a instance survey sing sexually transmitted disease among adolescents. The instance survey as it follows: â€Å" Sandy Jones is 19 old ages old and has been seeing her fellow for 6 months. They are now sexually active. She has made an assignment with her GP because she has developed marks of a sexually transmitted disease which has been confirmed following probe ( the populace issue you need to see is sexually familial diseases ) † In this instance we need to propose Sandy Jones to hold an assignment to her general practician and discussed its job for her safety. She needs besides wellness learning a demand to be informed that she can convey the disease she carries, stating this to her can forestall the disease to distribute. Discoursing her job to her GP prevent besides future jobs and lucky to her because she ‘s cognizant that she acquired sexually transmitted disease because some STD ‘s has no symptoms and being non cognizant of it will take to major wellness jobs such as non being able to acquire pregnant ( sterility ) , lasting encephalon harm, bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease, and even decease. That ‘s why, if we think you have been exposed to a sexually familial disease, you and your sex spouse ( s ) should see a wellness clinic, infirmary or physician for proving and intervention. We need besides to prioritise her demands ; we know that she ‘s sexually active so sex is the 1st precedence because based on Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Need this belongs to physiologic demands. This is why we need to her to learn about sex and how to do it in safety manner. 2nd ( safety and security ) is her safety which I already discussed above. Third one ( love and belongingness ) is her emotional demands, based on her instance she does n’t hold household or any relations to speak with her jobs and she does n’t hold parents to steer her. Fourth ( self-pride ) , we need to put her instance on private because her instance may diminish her repute if anybody will cognize about her position and the last ( self-actualisation ) , to hold this one she needs to be mature and cognize all the consequences of her action but there still should be a counsel for her. ( 2010 ) ( Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will critically measure the effectivity of schemes, systems, and policies in the scene for maximising the well being persons: There are plentifulness of plans that are related about sex, sex instruction and its effects that the United Kingdom authorities provided and implemented already. One of this and the most common is â€Å" Sex Education that Works † this plan from the authorities aims to educated adolescents about sex. It is besides a procedure of obtaining informations, organizing attitudes and beliefs towards sex, sexual individuality, familiarity and relationship. Sexual activity instruction is besides about budding immature people ‘s abilities that they formulate informed picks about their manners, and think positive and adept about moving on these picks. It is by and large accepted that immature people have a right to arouse instruction. â€Å" Teacher Training † , Good pre-service and in-service is indispensable for instructors if course of study on sexual and generative wellness, including HIV/AIDS, are to be effective.A Such preparation nowadayss many challenges but is indispensable to assist immature people learn more about their gender and how to avoid unplanned gestation and sexually familial infections. In most schools, sexual and generative wellness instruction consists of didactic talks about basic anatomy and physiology. This is barely surprising, because most preparation plans fail to fix future instructors of sexual and generative wellness to learn the topic efficaciously. As a consequence, many instructors complete their preparation with critical spreads in their cognition of generative wellness. Some have judgmental attitudes or spiritual, legal or moral expostulations to learning immature people about sex, contraceptive method, or rubber usage. Others feel uncomfortable speaking about such topics or utilizing the synergistic instruction methods that appear to be most effectual in advancing healthy sexual behavior. When they move to the schoolroom, these instructors are frequently expected to utilize teaching stuffs that omit cardinal information and promote the â€Å" chalk and talk † attack. Research has shown that widespread sex instruction benefits immature grownups significantly. These plans support adolescents deal with equal force per unit area and educate them the art of communicating and dialogue. It assists them with absorbing self-assured accomplishments, indispensable in their traffics with equals. How to cite Reflective Journal And Case Study Health And Social Care Essay, Free Case study samples

Accounting and Finance Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Accounting and Finance for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction The review and analysis of the financial statements is important for organizations to disseminate the financial information to investors and creditors. The financial information obtained from the financial statements forms the basis for evaluating the performance of an organization. Business organizations publish the financial statements in the annual report for communicating the important financial information to concern outside parties.Creditors and investors rely on the financial information communicated by a company for safety and profitability of their investments. The financial statements provide detailed information about the assets investments and outstanding debts to the stakeholders. The companys managers can also easily decide the capital structure by maintaining an adequate balance between equity and debt. The analyses of the financial statements prove as a critical tool for the companys managers to evaluate past and present performance. It also assesses the uncertainty o f the future cash flows and therefore supports the decision-making process of the organization. In this context, the present report aims to review and examine the financial position of Graincorp for evaluating its financial performance. Graincorp is an Australian based company that is recognized as a leader in food ingredients and agribusiness. The companys activities are based on three main core grains, that is, wheat, barley and canola. The company has a comparative advantage in originations of these grains in terms of technical expertise and freight differentials. The company operates its business functions in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, North America, and Europe besides Australia. It has four reporting segments that are, Storage Logistics, Marketing, Malt and Oils. The company conducts its business functions through developing and maintenance of an integrated supply chain to carry out its operational activities efficiently. The company aspired to become an international leader in food ingredients and agribusiness by creating value for all its stakeholders. The company develops a workplace culture that aims at ensuring employees and customer welfare through adoption of best work practices (Annual Report, 20 15). The present report, in this regard, reviews the financial performance of the company for identifying the areas of improvement needed for enhancing its profitability in the future context. Analysis of Financial Statements of Graincorp Company Statement of Financial position Statement of financial position is another term used for balance sheet. This statement shows the value of assets, liabilities and equity of the company at the end of the financial year. All the amount that are presented in the financial statements are adjusted to the balances of items at the beginning of year and any changes made in the current itself. The structure presented in the financial statement is exactly similar to normal accounting equation. So, accounting equation used in the statement of financial position is represented as Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. Statement of financial position is regarded as one of the important financial statements as it helps the users to evaluate the financial performance of the company in respect to liquidity, debt-equity position, financial performance and business risk (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). In this section, important details of financial position of Graincorp Company are evaluated in the terms of performance through comparing the current year figures with last year figures. Every item in balance sheet has its importance and provides certain information that helps the users of financial statement to compare the companys current year performance with the last year performance. Therefore, important items in the balance sheet of Graincorp Company will be evaluated using the balances in the statement and notes to statements. Below are important figures of the balance of Graincorp Company in year 2015 and 2014 and also percent increase or decrease. Statement of Financial Position Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Total Current Assets $ 1,497.90 $ 1,368.40 $ 129.50 9.46% Total Non-Current Assets $ 2,175.80 $ 1,964.80 $ 211.00 10.74% Total Assets $ 3,673.70 $ 3,333.20 $ 340.50 10.22% Total Current Liabilities $ 871.00 $ 845.30 $ 25.70 3.04% Total Non Current Liabilities $ 980.90 $ 743.40 $ 237.50 31.95% Total Liabilities $ 1,851.90 $ 1,588.70 $ 263.20 16.57% Total Equity $ 1,821.80 $ 1,744.50 $ 77.30 4.43% The above table represents the figures in the balance sheet of Graincorp Company for year 2015 and 2014. The increase and decrease in items of balance in respect of year 2015 has also been represented in the form of percentage. On looking at the table it can be said that in year 2015, Graincorp Company has performed well as all the items in balance have positive increase in amount in year 2015. The value of current assets was increased by 9.46% that shows that liquidity position of the company is good. Looking at the figures of non current assets it can be said that Graincorp has invested quite a good amount in fixed assets in year 2015. There was increase of 10.74% in the value of non current assets in year 2015 as compare to year 2014. In total, there was 10.22 % increase in value of assets that shows Graincorp company has made significant growth in year 2015 (Annual Report, 2015). While talking about liability section it can be seen that there was small increase in value of curren t liabilities whereas value of non current liabilities has increased with greater difference. The value of current liabilities was increased by 3.04 % and value of current assets increased by 9.46 % that reflects company has made significant adjustments to adjust the liquidity position (Mumba, 2013). Value of non current liabilities was increased to 31.95 %, which clearly shows that Graincorp has taken debt from the financial institutions to finance the activities. The increase in equity by 4.43% represents increase in value of equity amount, reserves and retained earnings (Annual Report, 2015). Statement of Change in Equity The statement of stockholders equity is highly important for obtaining information regarding the changes in various equity components including retained earnings. Shareholders equity depicts the net worth of a company by identifying the difference between total assets and total liabilities. Statement of Change in Equity Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Value of Contributed Equity $ 1,346.00 $ 1,344.80 $ 1.20 0.09% Number of Shares (Equity) 228855628 228855628 $ - 0.00% Total Reserves $ 116.80 $ 40.80 $ 76.00 186.27% Retained Earnings $ 359.00 $ 358.90 $ 0.10 0.03% Value of Total Equity $ 1,821.00 $ 1,744.50 $ 76.50 4.39% The table reflects all major values presented in the statement of changes in equity of Graincorp Company. On looking at the overall changes in the equity value of company it can be said that there was very small change in the values of the equity. Therefore, it implies that company has not issue any equity share in year 2015 to finance expansion as well as purchase of fixed assets. The value contributed equity has increased to 1346 million dollar in year from 1344.80 million in year 2014, showing an increase of 0.09 % (Annual Report, 2015). There was no change in number of equity shares issued in the open market. There was change in number of treasury shares in year 2015 because some of treasury was taken back by the company. There was major change in value of retained earnings (Houston and Brigham, 2009). Value of retained earnings was raised by 186.27 % in year 2015 as it was in year 2014. There was not much change in retained earnings when both year figure was compared (Annual Rep ort, 2015). Statement of Profit and Loss account The profit and loss statements of a company summarizes the revenues, costs and expenses that is incurred during a particular period of time. It proves to be useful for the investors and creditors to develop an understanding of the business processes used by an organization to generate income and manage its costs. Businesses can also easily make predictions regarding the future expenses including rent, salaries, equipment purchases and overhead costs. Profit and loss statement enables an organization to develop future strategies for improving its revenue and reducing the costs. Statement of Profit and Loss Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Revenue $ 4,064.00 $ 4,169.10 $ (105.10) -2.52% Cost of Goods Sold $ 3,292.70 $ 3,347.00 $ (54.30) -1.62% Totals Expenses before Income Tax Expense $ 4,029.50 $ 4,113.60 $ (84.10) -2.04% Non operating gain or (loss) $ 72.40 $ 16.10 $ 56.30 349.69% Earning per Share $ 0.14 $ 0.22 $ (0.08) -36.36% Income Tax $ 11.50 $ 14.80 $ (3.30) -22.30% Finance Cost (Interest) $ 43.00 $ 45.00 $ (2.00) -4.44% Net Income $ 43.60 $ 65.10 $ (21.50) -33.03% The above table shows major items in that are shown in the statement of profit and loss account of Graincorp Company. On looking at all the figures of the profits and loss account it can be concluded that there was decrease in operating performance of the company in year 2015 as compare to year 2014. The operating revenue of the company was reduced by 2.52% in year 2015 as compare to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). Due to this decrease there was decline in net income by 33.03%. In year 2014, Cost of good sold in year 2015 was also decreased by 1.62 % but this decrease is not sufficient to meet the decrease in net revenue. There was also decrease in total expenses in year 2015 by 2.04% due to change in company operating capacity. There was significant decrease in amount of income tax paid by 22.30 % in year due to 33 % decrease in net revenue. Earning per share change from 22 cents in year 2014 to 14 cents in year 2015, reflecting 36.36 percent decrease in income attributable to shar eholders (Buckle, Buckle and Thompson, 2004). There was only 4.44 % decrease in finance cost despite of major downfall in net income. The overall operating position of the company was adversely impacted in year 2015 as compare to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). Statement of Cash Flow Cash flow statement of an organization shows its efficiency of generating cash inflows from its daily operational activities. It provides detailed information regarding the method used by an organization for generating cash. Cash flow statement generally provides information on the cash spent by a firm in operating, investing and financing activities. It demonstrates the internal and external sources that an organization uses for generating cash and provides insights to the stakeholders about its cash position. Statement of Cash flow Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities $ 271.10 $ 171.10 $ 100.00 58.45% Net cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities $ 89.40 $ (50.10) $ 139.50 278.44% Net cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities $ (213.20) $ (174.80) $ (38.40) 21.97% Net increase (decrease) in cash during the year $ 374.00 $ 206.20 $ 167.80 81.38% Cash inflow from outside borrowings $ 679.80 $ 594.60 $ 85.20 14.33% Dividend Paid $ 28.60 $ 80.10 $ (51.50) -64.29% Cash outflows for purchase of fixed assets $ 223.60 $ 141.20 $ 82.40 58.36% The table is related to major activities reflected in the cash flow statement of the Graincorp Company. The statement of cash flow has been drawn clearly and shows all the important activities. It can be said on the basis of analyses that company was able to generate sufficient cash flow from all the activities. There was increase in cash and cash equivalents by 81.38 % that reflects significant increase in balance of cash is year 2015. Such amount has been used to purchase the fixed assets in year (Annual Report, 2015). Graincorp has purchased 223.60 million dollars of fixed assets and it was 58.36 % more from the fixed assets purchase in year 2014. Net cash inflow from operating activities was 171.10 million dollars in year 2014 and was increased to 271.10 million dollars in year 2015, showing an increase of 58.45 % in year 2015. There was Cash outflow of 50.10 million dollars from financing activities in year 2014 but in year 2015, there was cash inflow of 89.40 million dollars. I t shows company has borrowed major amount from the outside market to finance the purchase of fixed assets (Annual Report, 2015). The cash outflow from investing activity was 174.80 million dollars in year 2014 and was increased to 213.20 million dollars in year 2015, showing a major cash used to purchase the fixed assets in year 2015. In year 2015, Graincorp has paid as dividend of 28.60 million dollars, while in year 2014 company paid the dividend of 80.10 dollars. The overall liquidity and finance position was sound with some issues related to sources of finance. Graincorp uses debt as the major source of finance in year 2015 (Annual Report, 2015). Conclusion The analysis of financial statements of Graincorp shows that overall performance of the company in year 2015 was above standard as compared to year 2014. All the four major financial statements were evaluated in detailed and increase/decrease in values was noted in the table above. The statement of financial statements shows that companys liquidity position was sound and company has enough assets to pay all the current liabilities. Debt and equity position shows a balanced position of the capital in the organization. This shows that company risk position was very good in year 2015 as compared to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). There was no change in equity that shows that Graincorp has used outside debt as major source of finance. The analysis of change in profit and loss account shows overall performance of the company in the particular time period. The performance of the Graincorp Company in year 2014 was far better as compare to year 2015. Therefore, company needs to focus on the operational capacity and need invest in profitable activities and make significant decisions on avoiding the losses from activities that generates negative profit. The main aim to make the above was to know the changes in values of different items of the financial statement so that performance of the company can be measured and economic decision can be drawn. Financial statements aim to provide the data on the financial position, changes in equity, performance and cash generated by the enterprise. All these details help the investors to make the opinion on investment decision and act as proper guide to them. Recommendations On the basis of complete review and understanding of subject, following recommendations have been made for Graincorp management. All these reviews are based on the initial findings from the annual reports of year 2015 and 2014 of Graincorp Company. Graincorp need to finance the major capital from the issue of equity shares and make less dependency on debt related source of finance. Graincorp must focus on increase of reserves and retained earnings so that they can be used in case of adverse situation to finance all major activities (Bull, 2007). Graincorp must make fresh issue of equity share to generate owners capital and invest that amount in the expansion of the company business in other part of country. Investment must be made in profitable activities so that there overall revenue can be increased. Management of Graincorp must think about the strategies to reduce the expanses made for cost of good sold. It is advised to the management to reduce the expenses on the advertising and selling through offline retail shops. Management should promote online business in the selling and distribution section so that overall expenses can be reduced. References Annual Report 2015. Graincorp Company Limited. [Online]. Available at: www.graincorp.com.au/_literature_205430/2015_Annual_Report [Accessed on: 18 September, 2016]. Brigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. 2011. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: Cengage Learning. Buckle, M.J., Buckle, M. and Thompson, J. 2004 . The UK Financial System. 4th ed. New York: Manchester University Press. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximise value and success for your business'. UK: Elsevier. Houston, J.F. and Brigham, E.F. 2009. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Mumba, C. 2013. Understanding Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: Trafford Publishing.

Research Paper on Macroeconomics Essay Example

Research Paper on Macroeconomics Essay 1) I believe that government’s reason for seeking to decrease our economy’s dependence on private investment is one that flows directly from the economic analysis. In particular, this report indicates that investment is the portion of aggregate demand that is most volatile. Indeed, it is for this reason that the financial instability hypothesis can be considered an investment theory of the business cycle. Thus, the effort to decrease the significance of investment is an attempt to shift the weight of the economy toward its more stable spending components. This preference for fiscal policies that decrease the economy’s dependence on private investment leads the government to recommend both spending and tax changes. For example, since military expenditures are a compelling investment stimulant, there was a suggested reduction of the expenditure in this area. In fact, however, government advocates an employment strategy that would make public employment (at some modest income level) available for all who are without work. Of course, it might be somewhat difficult for the federal government to provide the spending and simultaneously maintain the system of public transfers that exists today. But the government would not need to do both. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2) Gilder’s paradigm is built not on markets but entrepreneurs. It is a Great Man Theory for economics. Say’s Law is at the base of the model, but with a more luxurious meaning. For the metaphysical supply-siders, the statement that supply creates its demand is a denial not only of demand management in the Keynesian sense but a rejection of the market’s ability to evoke new products and services. What distinguishes the entrepreneur is not his ability to take direction from the market but his ability to lead it. The demands of the many who make up the market are infinite and undefined; the entrepreneur is the one who through his ability to sympathetically imagine the needs of the many gives their endless demand a new, definite, and more efficient shape, defining a need in the very act of creating a product that fulfills it. In practical terms then, the metaphysical supply-siders agree with standard supply-side policy recommendations but for subtly different reasons. They accept, for instance, the importance of low tax rates not only because high tax rates marginally lower productivity by reducing average incentives but mainly because they may cripple a generation of entrepreneurs–the great men–whose contributions would otherwise advance the economy further and faster than any marginal average increase in productivity. 3) Expansionary fiscal policy can destabilize the economy under certain conditions. One concern about equating changes in the full-employment surplus with discretionary fiscal policy is that the full-employment surplus can change for any of several reasons, some of which should not be interpreted either as a change in discretionary policy or, for that matter, as a change in an automatic fiscal stabilizer that might have a similar impact on the economy. A striking illustration is a sharp drop in individual income tax revenue in recent years, already discussed, much of which reflects a change in the composition of aggregate income. Although it shows up as a drop in the full-employment surplus, this is apparently not the direct result of a policy change, nor is it evident why it should be viewed as an expansionary event. Another problem in interpreting the change in the CBO surplus as a policy response to current economic conditions is that the surplus may change as a result of policy decisions made several periods before, An example is the phased-in tax cut enacted in 2001. Further, the underlying cyclical responsiveness of the budget might change unpredictably over time, leading to the possibility of over- or undercorrection in the construction of the adjusted series, and hence a spurious statistical relationship to the output gap. For example, should one view the decline in incomes and tax payments at the top of the income distribution in recent years as unrelated to the economic cycle? For these reasons, it is useful to rely on an alternative measure based on specific policy changes. 4) Tax cuts that are perceived to be the temporary effect the SRAS and LRAS curves differently than tax cuts that are recognized to be permanent. Readers of NATIONAL REVIEW and the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Times have been witnessing a debate over the relative merits of various tax-reform proposals. The researchers have argued that individual initiative is so important that a reduction in marginal rates justifies an increase in business taxes. Ture and Roberts say that personal action is fatally disabled if the price of capital accumulation is too high. They conclude that the individual rate reductions aren’t worth the price of substantially increased taxes on business. These disagreements are important because, though they don’t clarify the philosophical disagreements between different paradigms, they force different paradigms to compete in an arena in which we can learn who wins. If a tax-reform bill with high capital costs and low personal rates is passed, and the economy goes into a tailspin, there will be some reason to question premises. That is what academic economists are doing right now. a) Proportion taxing. The tax rate is 10 %: Smith: $4,000; Jones: $ 10,000; Brown: $ 20,000. The tax rate is 15 %: Smith: $6,000; Jones: $ 15,000; Brown: $ 30,000. b) Progressive tax:5 % multiply by $ 120,000 = $ 6,0008 % multiply by $ 120,000 = $ 9,60015 % multiply by $ 100,000 = $ 15,000. Total = $ 30,00010 % proportional tax total = $ 34,000. Therefore, in this case, progressive tax will raise less money. The reform of social security systemAmericans tend not to be well informed about how their government and political system operate. But when it comes to Social Security, they have a pretty fair idea of how things work. Eight in ten Americans know that Social Security is a federal, rather than state or private, program. Almost seven in ten recognize that it is a pay-as-you-go program–that is, that payroll taxes collected from workers today pay benefits for current retirees rather than going into an account to pay their benefits when they retire. Most also know the basics of who can receive benefits. Ninety-six percent know that workers who have paid into the program are eligible. Eighty-nine percent know that spouses of such workers are available. Seventy percent know that workers who have not paid into the program are not qualified. Ninety-three percent know that people who retire on Social Security receive different monthly payments, and 79 percent know that a person can work while receiving benefits, but that there is a limit on how much he or she can earn. Forty-nine percent of Americans know the money in the Social Security trust fund is invested in U.S. government Treasury bonds. But 21 percent think it is kept by the government as cash in the bank, 13 percent believe it is invested in private company stocks, and 17 percent said they did not know. More than two-thirds know that if no action is taken, the trust fund will go bankrupt. One in four expects (incorrectly) the bankruptcy within ten years. Nearly the half realizes that it is more distant. In general, the public sees the problem as one for the long-term future, not one that Congress must act on immediately because it is a crisis today. The public has a fair sense of what is causing Social Security’s financial problems. Six in ten attribute them to more people going on Social Security and to having fewer workers to pay Social Security payroll taxes. But two-thirds attribute the problems to the diversion of trust fund money to programs other than Social Security. Despite knowing the financial difficulties faced by Social Security, most Americans are unwilling to raise taxes or reduce benefits. The only exception is in the case of benefits for higher-income Americans. Only about four in ten favor increasing Social Security payroll taxes or eliminating the current Social Security payroll tax cutoff, which exempts income over $68,400 a year. One in four favors raising taxes on Social Security benefits. Only one in five favors reducing benefits to retirees. Americans oppose raising the Social Security retirement age even if the change is phased in over time: only one in three supports this option. Fewer than four in ten favor increasing the retirement age to 67 earlier than planned. Support for changing Social Security cost-of-living adjustments is variable, depending on how the change is presented. Slightly more than half favor giving smaller yearly increases to retirees when the cost of living goes up, but only one in three favors limiting cost-of-living increases in Social Security benefits. Many Americans are willing to consider affluence testing, but the definition of â€Å"affluence† affects the level of support. Two-thirds favor reducing benefits for upper-income people if no income level is specified. But support drops to 50 percent if the income is defined as $40,000 a year or more. Similarly, only four in ten favor raising the taxes that higher-income retirees pay on their Social Security benefits, but two-thirds favor taxing benefits for those earning $75,000 a year and up. Americans are divided over whether they want Social Security in the future to act principally as a social insurance program to ensure that older adults have a minimum income during retirement (51 percent) or as a program in which people receive money based on how much they pay into the program (42 percent). The younger and older generations differ substantially in their view. A plurality (48 percent) of adults under age 35 want the program to be based principally on what people pay into it, compared with only 32 percent of those 65 or over. The public’s reluctance to take action on Social Security is due to more than one cause, but clearly, a significant reason is that they are as concerned about not being able to save enough for their retirement as they are about the long-term future of Social Security. Seven out of ten working adults report that they are worried about not having enough private savings for their retirement. Average citizens are in a quandary, trapped between their fear that there will not be enough funds left in the Social Security system and their concern about not having enough money in their private savings when they stop working. Most working Americans know they cannot expect to live comfortably in retirement on Social Security benefits alone. While seven in ten believe that an average retired person needs a yearly income of at least $20,000 to live comfortably, nearly nine in ten know that the average annual benefit now paid to a retired worker by Social Security is less than that. For someone to live comfortably in retirement, Social Security must be supplemented by private savings, notably if the Social Security benefit is reduced. People are painfully aware of the gap between what they are now saving privately and what they need to retire comfortably. Working adults report that they are keeping half what they think is necessary. In fact, six in ten reports that they saved less than $3,000 for their retirement during the past year. More than half of working adults say they are either not saving for retirement at all (31 percent) or are saving inadequately (26 percent). Strikingly, the figure is almost identical for those aged 50-64, who are closest to retirement. As to private pensions, which most working adults anticipate as being a more abundant source of retirement income than Social Security, 45 percent report that they do not participate in an individual or employer-provided private pension or 401 (k) plan. Once again, those near retirements are no better off. 44 percent of adults aged 50-64 are not enrolled in such programs. Poorer Americans are among the most vulnerable. Nearly nine in ten of those earning under $20,000 a year are either not saving for retirement at all (61 percent) or are saving inadequately (25 percent). Two out of three of those who have yet to begin saving for retirement explain that they do not have anything extra to keep for the future, and only one in five adults earning under $20,000 is participating in a 401 (k) or private pension program. Consistent with their belief that money in the trust fund is not being invested wisely, many people are willing to consider privatization or alternative investment strategies for some Social Security funds. Depending on how the question is worded, between 64 percent and 80 percent of Americans favor allowing individuals to invest part of their Social Security tax payments. In one survey, however, more than half of those with opinions on allowing individual investment said they could quickly change their minds. On the specific issue of investing Social Security funds in the stock market, public opinion is fluid and strongly affected by how the process is described. In three recent surveys, support ranged from a low of 48 percent to a high of 60 percent. If some Social Security tax funds are invested in the stock market, 80 percent of the public would prefer for individuals to spend part of their portion, and only 14 percent would prefer for the government to make the decisions. In five of six surveys, just about one in three Americans favor having the government invest Social Security revenues in the stock market. But even on the issue of government investment, where the public’s views seem so bright, one survey found more than half of those with opinions on the issue saying that they could easily change their mind. Taken together, these surveys portray a nation in a state of denial. Americans recognize both that Social Security faces severe financial difficulties and that they are not saving enough personally for retirement. But they are unwilling to face up to either issue. â€Å"Maybe next year† is the view expressed quite widely in opinion surveys. Surprisingly, even the age group closest to retirement takes the same look.